Oil Movement and Storage

1. Key words : a. Crude Oil: Unrefined petroleum as it is extracted from the ground, the primary feedstock for refineries. b. Feedstocks: Raw materials, including crude oil and other hydrocarbons, used in refinery processes to produce fuels and other products. c. Intermediates: Partially processed materials that are between stages in the refining process. d. Finished Products: Final products from the refining process, ready for sale or further use, such as gasoline, diesel, kerosene, and lubricants. e. Tanks: Large containers used to store crude oil, intermediates, and finished products. f. Tank Farm: A group of large storage tanks used to store crude oil, intermediates, and finished products. g. Pipelines: Systems used to transport oil and petroleum products between different units within the refinery or to external locations. h. Pipeline Network: A system of pipelines that transport liquids within and outside the refinery i. Manifolds: Piping arrangements that allow for the routing of oil flows to different tanks or processing units. k. Gauging: The process of measuring the volume of oil in a tank. l. Blending: The process of mixing different streams to achieve a desired product specification. m. Loading Arms: Equipment used to load and unload liquids from tanks to transport vehicles, such as trucks, ships, or railcars. n. Crude Oil Storage: Large tanks store crude oil before it enters the refinery process. These tanks must be designed to handle large volumes and are often equipped with floating roofs to reduce vapor losses. o. Intermediate Storage: As the refinery processes crude oil, intermediate products are stored in tanks between different refining stages. This ensures a continuous flow of materials through the refinery. p. Finished Product Storage: Refined products are stored in dedicated tanks before being dispatched to the market r. Feedstocks: The primary input to the refinery, primarily crude oil but also other hydrocarbons, such as natural gas liquids (NGLs) or biofuels. s. Refinery Streams: These are the various flows of materials through the refinery, including crude oil, intermediates, and finished products. t. Intermediates: Products that require further processing, such as naphtha, which is further processed into gasoline. u. Finished Products: Final outputs of the refinery, such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, and lubricants.

2. First of all what is oil movement and storage ? Oil Movements & Storage (OM&S) refers to the processes and systems involved in the handling, transfer, and storage of crude oil, intermediate products, and finished products within a refinery or between a refinery and external facilities. The OM&S function is crucial for the efficient operation of a refinery, ensuring that various materials are stored safely, transferred as needed, and made available for processing or distribution.Handling , transfer and storage are seen in whole petroleum suply chain as it can be seen in below Figure.However will focus on oil movement and storage at refinery because , Refinery is considered as the heart of oil and gas industry that's why some countries fail to refine their crude oil , they manage to sell it then they buy refined petroleum products at high cost.

Fig:1 Refineries are complex facilities where crude oil is processed into various petroleum products such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, and lubricants. The OM&S function plays a vital role in ensuring the continuous flow of materials through different stages of the refinery's operation, from crude oil intake to the storage and dispatch of finished products.efining is the process of converting crude oil into various valuable petroleum products. Stepes of refining: a. Fractional distillation: Separating crude oil into different fractions. b. Conversion: Transforming heavier and lighter fractions into valuable petroleum products. c. Treatment: Adjusting products to meet specifications and provide feed for downstream units. Blending, storage, and shipping: Handling finished petroleum products overall process in Refinery: OM&S plays a crucial role in the overall operations of a refinery by managing the flow of raw materials (crude oil), intermediate products, and finished products (such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel). This includes: a. Receiving Crude Oil: Crude oil is delivered to the refinery via pipelines, tankers, or rail, and stored in large tanks before being processed. b. Storage of Intermediates: Intermediates, which are partially processed materials, are stored temporarily between processing stages to ensure continuous operation of the refinery’s processing units. c. Distribution of Finished Products: Once refined, finished products are stored in tanks before being dispatched to distribution centers or directly to customers.Efficient OM&S ensures that the refinery operates smoothly, without interruptions, and meets production and delivery schedules. https://youtu.be/jk0WrtA8_T8 2.1. Storage facilities are integral to OM&S and typically include large tanks where crude oil, intermediates, and finished products are stored. These tanks are designed to handle various types of materials and are equipped with safety and monitoring systems to prevent leaks, contamination, and other hazards. These tanks are often segregated by product type and have specific temperature and pressure controls to maintain product quality.Proper storage management is essential to maintaining product quality, ensuring safety, and optimizing inventory levels. Types of tanks. There are Seven types of storage tanks used to store volatile organic liquids:

Fixed roof storage tank

External floating roof stoarage tank

internal Floating roof storage tank

doomed external floating roof storage tank

Horizontal storage tank

pressure storage Tank

Vapor space storage Tank Both fixed roof storage tank and floating roof storage tank (internal roof , external roof , doomed external roof) are cylindrical in shape with the axis oriented perpendicular to the foundation. These tanks are almost exclusively above ground storage tanks(ASTs) . Horizontal tanks (i.e., with the axis parallel to the foundation) can be used above ground storage tanks and below ground storage tanks(BSTs) . Pressure tanks often are horizontally oriented and "bullet" or spherically shaped to maintain structural integrity at high pressures. They are located above ground. Variable vapor space tanks can be cylindrical or spherical in shape. Above Ground Storage Tanks (ASTs) are critical components in oil and gas operations, used for the storage of crude oil, refined products, and other liquids. Effective management and maintenance of ASTs are essential to ensure operational safety, environmental compliance, and efficiency.Oil spills from ASTs can result from equipment failure, human error, or natural disasters. Prompt response and mitigation are essential to minimize environmental impact and financial losses.

Emergency Response: a. Develop and implement an Oil Spill Response Plan (OSRP). b. Regular drills and training for emergency response teams. c. Use of containment booms, skimmers, and dispersants to manage spills. Regulatory Compliance: Adherence to regulations such as the Oil Pollution Act (OPA) in the U.S. and equivalent laws in other regions Cleaning of Crude Oil and Product Tanks:Regular cleaning of ASTs is necessary to remove sludge, sediment, and residues that accumulate over time, which can affect the quality of stored products and reduce tank capacity Methods of cleaning ASTS: a. Manual Cleaning: Involves the physical entry of workers into the tank, which requires strict safety measures. b. Automated Cleaning: Utilizes robotic systems to reduce human exposure to hazardous environments. c. Chemical Cleaning: Involves the use of chemicals to dissolve and remove residues from tank walls and floors. Frequency: Cleaning schedules are based on tank usage, type of product stored, and regulatory requirements. Gauging of Marine Cold Product Tanks: Refers to the measurement of product levels in tanks, crucial for inventory management, custody transfer, and ensuring product quality. Methods of Gauging : a. Manual Gauging: Using a calibrated dipstick or tape to measure liquid levels. b. Automated Gauging: Involves the use of level gauges such as radar, servo, or float systems for precise and continuous monitoring. Cold Product Considerations: Products with low temperatures require special gauging techniques to account for thermal expansion and contraction. Aset of tanks is called a tank farm .Tank farms are critical components of a refinery's offsite operations, serving as the primary storage facilities for crude oil, intermediates, and finished products. The efficiency, safety, and reliability of a tank farm depend heavily on the field equipment and systems in place. Here's an exploration of the key elements of tank farm field equipment: 2.1.1. Tanks:Tanks are the core components of a tank farm, designed to store various liquids, including crude oil, intermediates, and refined products. They come in different shapes and sizes, depending on the type and volume of the material stored. Key considerations include: a. Design and Construction: Tanks are typically made of steel and are designed to handle the specific properties of the stored product, such as volatility, corrosiveness, and temperature sensitivity. They may be above-ground or below-ground and can be fixed-roof, floating-roof, or pressurized. b. Capacity: Tank capacity is a critical factor, influencing inventory management, product handling efficiency, and the overall layout of the tank farm. 2.1.2. Level Gauges:Level gauges are used to monitor the volume of liquid within a tank, providing critical data for inventory management and preventing overfilling. Different types of level gauges include: a. Float Gauges: These use a floating device that rises and falls with the liquid level, transmitting the position to a readout system. b. Servo Gauges: Servo-operated gauges measure the liquid level by lowering a displacer into the tank, with the servo motor adjusting based on the buoyancy force. c. Radar Gauges: Radar gauges use microwave radar technology to measure the distance from the gauge to the liquid surface, providing accurate level readings regardless of the liquid’s properties. d. Hydrostatic Tank Gauging (HTG): HTG systems measure the liquid level based on the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the liquid column in the tank, providing a direct measurement of the liquid's weight and, indirectly, its volume. 2.1.3. Temperature Gauges:Temperature gauges are essential for monitoring the temperature of stored products, particularly for materials that are sensitive to temperature changes. These gauges help maintain product quality and ensure safety by preventing conditions that could lead to product degradation or safety hazards. Types of temperature gauges include: a. Thermocouples: Devices that measure temperature based on the voltage difference generated by two different metals in contact. b. Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs): Sensors that measure temperature by correlating the resistance of the RTD element with temperature. c. Bimetallic Temperature Gauges: These consist of two different metals bonded together, which bend at different rates when heated, causing the gauge to indicate the temperature. 2.1.4. Block Valves:Block valves are used to control the flow of liquids within the tank farm. They can be manually operated or automated, with different types offering varying levels of control and safety there are : a. Motor-Operated Valves (MOVs): These are remotely controlled valves powered by an electric motor, allowing operators to open or close the valve from a control room. b. Remotely Operated Valves (ROVs): These valves can be operated remotely, often using hydraulic or pneumatic systems, providing quick response in emergency situations. C. Manual Valves with Status Indicators: These are manually operated valves that include sensors to indicate whether they are open or closed, providing operators with real-time status updates. Manual Valves: Basic valves that require physical manipulation to open or close, used in areas where automation is not critical or for backup purposes. 2.1.5. Pumps and Pump Groups:Pumps are critical for moving liquids between tanks, processing units, and loading facilities. They are typically organized into groups to ensure redundancy and flexibility in operations. Types of pumps include: a. Centrifugal Pumps: Commonly used in tank farms for transferring large volumes of liquid, these pumps operate by converting rotational kinetic energy into hydrodynamic energy. b. Positive Displacement Pumps: These pumps move liquid by trapping a fixed amount and forcing it through the system, suitable for viscous or high-pressure applications. c. Pump Groups: Multiple pumps are often grouped together to handle different flow rates and pressures, providing operational flexibility and ensuring that there is always a backup available. 2.1.6. Mixers:Mixers are used in storage tanks to maintain uniformity in the stored product, ensuring consistent quality. They are particularly important in tanks that store blended products or where temperature stratification can occur. Mixers can be: a. Mechanical Mixers: These use impellers or paddles to physically stir the liquid within the tank. b. Jet Mixers: Utilize high-velocity jets of liquid to create turbulence and mixing within the tank. 2.1.7. Loading Arms:Loading arms are articulated pipe systems used to transfer liquids from storage tanks to transport vehicles, such as trucks, railcars, or ships. Key features include: a. Flexibility: Loading arms are designed to accommodate various vehicle sizes and configurations, providing a safe and efficient means of transferring liquids. b. Safety Features: They often include safety breakaway couplings, emergency shutoff valves, and grounding systems to prevent spills and ensure safe operations. 2.1.8. In-line Blenders: In-line blenders are used to mix different product streams as they are being transferred, creating a final product that meets specific quality specifications. In-line blending is highly efficient, as it eliminates the need for separate blending tanks and reduces product handling. 2.1.9. Equipment Shelters Equipment shelters are structures that house sensitive electronic equipment, such as control systems, analyzers, and communication devices, protecting them from environmental conditions and ensuring their reliability. These shelters are often climate-controlled to maintain optimal operating conditions for the equipment inside. 2.1.10. Dye and Additive Injection Systems Dye and additive injection systems are used to introduce specific chemicals into a product stream to enhance its properties or meet regulatory requirements. These systems are critical for producing finished products that meet market specifications, such as adding dyes to gasoline or injecting additives into lubricants. 2.1.11. On-line Analyzers On-line analyzers continuously monitor the properties of liquids within the tank farm, providing real-time data on quality parameters such as density, viscosity, and composition. These analyzers ensure that products meet quality standards and allow for immediate adjustments if necessary. 2.1.12. DCS/SCADA and RTUs:Distributed Control Systems (DCS) and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems provide centralized control and monitoring of tank farm operations. Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) are used to interface with field devices and transmit data back to the central control system: a. DCS: A sophisticated control system that allows for the automation of various processes within the tank farm, including valve control, pump operation, and temperature regulation. b. SCADA: Provides a higher-level view of the entire tank farm, allowing operators to monitor and control operations from a central location. c. RTUs: These devices collect data from field sensors and transmit it to the DCS or SCADA system for analysis and control. 2.1.13. Communication Networks:Communication networks in a tank farm enable the transmission of data between field devices, control systems, and operators. These networks include: a. Wired Networks: Traditional cabling systems that provide reliable, high-speed communication between devices. b. Wireless Networks: Used for remote monitoring and control, wireless networks offer flexibility and can reduce installation costs, particularly in large or complex tank farms. c. Fiber Optic Networks: These provide high-speed, secure data transmission over long distances, often used for connecting RTUs to central control systems. 2.2. Field instrumentation Field instrumentation in tank farms involves the use of sensors, transmitters, and other devices to monitor and control various parameters within the storage facility. These elements are essential for ensuring the safe and efficient operation of storage tanks and associated equipment. Key components include: a. Level Sensors: These sensors measure the level of oil or product in a tank, providing real-time data on inventory levels and preventing overfills. b. Temperature and Pressure Sensors: Monitoring the temperature and pressure within storage tanks is critical for maintaining product quality and ensuring safe storage conditions. Automated systems can adjust heating or cooling systems as needed to maintain optimal conditions. c. Flow Meters: Flow meters measure the rate of product movement into or out of storage tanks, ensuring accurate tracking of volumes and preventing discrepancies. d. Safety Systems: Automated safety systems, such as emergency shutoff valves and fire detection systems, are integrated with field instrumentation to provide immediate response capabilities in the event of a hazard. By automating field instrumentation, refineries can achieve more precise control over storage conditions, reduce the risk of accidents, and ensure the integrity of stored products. Let's have a walk-through on common refinery process called Tank to tank transfer where liquid hydrocarbons are moved from one storage tank to another. This process involves several steps, each of which is carefully planned, executed, and monitored to ensure safety, efficiency, and accuracy. Here’s a detailed walkthrough: 1. Planning and Defining a Task The first step in a tank-to-tank transfer is planning and defining the task: a. Task Identification: The need for the transfer is identified, which could be due to inventory management, preparing for product blending, or freeing up tank space. b. Resource Allocation: The tanks, pipelines, and pumps required for the transfer are identified and allocated based on availability and operational requirements. c. Task Definition: The specific parameters of the task are defined, including the volume of liquid to be transferred, the source and destination tanks, and any special conditions or requirements (e.g., temperature control). 2. task scheduling :Once the task is defined, it is scheduled to : a. avoid conflicts with other operations that may require the same resources, such as pipelines or pumps. b. optimize the time of the task based on overall refinery operations, ensuring that it doesn’t interfere with other critical processes. c. adjust the schedule in real-time if conditions change, such as a delay in a previous operation or a change in product demand. 3. Task Execution:With the task planned and scheduled, execution begins: a. Automated Control: The OM&S automation system takes over control, opening valves, starting pumps, and monitoring flow rates to ensure the transfer is carried out according to the plan. b. Safety Protocols: Safety systems are engaged to monitor for any signs of issues, such as leaks, overpressure, or equipment failure, with automatic shutdowns or alarms triggered if necessary. 4. Path selection :Path selection is critical in ensuring the efficiency and safety of the transfer: a. Dynamic Path Selection: In some cases, the system dynamically selects the optimal path for the transfer based on current conditions, such as available pipelines, pump status, and operational priorities. b. Predefined Path: For routine transfers, a predefined path may be used, which has been proven to be efficient and safe under normal operating conditions. c. Path Optimization: The system continuously optimizes the path during the transfer, adjusting for any changes in conditions, such as pipeline availability or changes in flow requirements. 5. The sequence generation : The sequence of operations required for the transfer is generated: a. Operation Steps: The system generates a sequence of operations, including opening and closing valves, starting and stopping pumps, and monitoring flow rates and pressures. b. Interlocks: Interlocks are included in the sequence to ensure that operations are carried out in the correct order, preventing issues such as pump cavitation or overpressure. 6. Sequence control :Once the sequence is generated, it is executed under strict control: a. Automated Execution: The sequence is executed automatically by the system, with each step monitored and adjusted as necessary to ensure the transfer is carried out smoothly. b. Error Handling: If any errors or issues are detected during the sequence, the system automatically takes corrective action, such as adjusting flow rates or rerouting the transfer path. 7. Monitoring :Continuous monitoring is essential for ensuring the transfer is completed successfully: a. Real-time Data: The system monitors all relevant parameters in real-time, including tank levels, flow rates, pressures, and temperatures. b. Alarms and Alerts: The system is configured to trigger alarms and alerts if any monitored parameters deviate from acceptable ranges, ensuring that operators are immediately notified of any potential issues. 8.reporting :After the transfer is completed, detailed reports are generated: a. Task Completion Report: A report is generated that details the execution of the transfer, including volumes transferred, duration, and any issues encountered. b. Inventory Update: The system updates the refinery’s inventory records, reflecting the change in tank levels and overall inventory. c. Compliance Reporting: If the transfer is subject to regulatory requirements, the system generates the necessary reports to ensure compliance. In-line Blending : In-line blending is a specialized operation where multiple product streams are blended in real-time as they are transferred: a. Blend Ratio Control: The OM&S system controls the ratio of different streams, ensuring that the final blended product meets quality specifications. b. Real-time Adjustments: The system makes real-time adjustments to flow rates and blend ratios based on continuous quality measurements. c. Final Quality Assurance: The blended product is monitored to ensure it meets the required specifications before being sent to storage or dispatched. N.B: there are Other typical movements in a refinery that follow similar processes(tank to tank transfer) including but not limited to: a. Inlet Movements: Receiving crude oil into storage tanks. b. Product Loading: Transferring finished products from storage tanks to transportation vehicles such as trucks, ships, or railcars. c. Blending Operations: Combining different product streams to create a final product that meets specific quality standards. 3. Inter relationship in oil movement and storage The various processes within a refinery are interrelated, and OM&S plays a central role in coordinating these processes: a. Crude oil intake: Crude oil is received at the refinery and stored before processing. b. Feedstock Handling: Crude oil is moved from storage to processing units such as distillation columns, where it is separated into various fractions. c. Process units: Intermediate products from various processing units (e.g., distillation, cracking, hydrotreating) are stored in tanks before further processing or blending. d. Intermediates Movement: After initial processing, intermediates are stored and then moved to further processing units, such as catalytic crackers or reformers, for further refining. e. Product Blending and Dispatch: Finished products are be blended to meet specific quality standards before being stored and dispatched. The inter-relationship of these processes is critical to ensuring that the refinery operates efficiently, with minimal downtime and maximum output.

4. Typical Offsites Organization and Responsibilities Offsites in a refinery refer to areas and facilities that are not directly involved in the refining process but are crucial for the overall operation, such as storage tanks, pipelines, and loading/unloading areas. The OM&S team is responsible for managing these offsite facilities, ensuring safe and efficient storage, transfer, and handling of materials. Key responsibilities in the offsite organization include: a. Tank Farm Management: Overseeing the storage and movement of materials in and out of storage tanks, ensuring accurate inventory tracking and preventing losses. b. Pipeline Operations: Managing the transfer of liquids between the tank farm, processing units, and external facilities, ensuring the integrity of the pipeline system. c. Product Blending: Ensuring that finished products meet quality specifications through precise blending of different streams. d. Loading and Unloading Operations: Managing the efficient and safe transfer of materials to and from transport vehicles, such as tankers, trucks, or railcars. e. Utility Management: Ensuring the continuous supply of utilities, such as steam, water, and electricity, which are essential for offsite operations. The organization of these offsite activities is crucial to the overall efficiency and safety of refinery operations.

5. What is an Oil Movements & Storage Automation System? , levels of offsite automation and what are the Functionality of oil movement and storage automation sysstems An Oil Movements & Storage Automation System is a sophisticated control system designed to automate the various functions associated with oil movements and storage within a refinery. This system integrates advanced technologies such as Distributed Control Systems (DCS), Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC), and Human-Machine Interfaces (HMI) to monitor, control, and optimize the movement and storage of oil and petroleum products. Key features of an OM&S automation system include: a. Automated Control: Automated control of valves, pumps, and other equipment to manage the flow of oil between tanks, processing units, and loading/unloading facilities. b. Monitoring: Real-time monitoring of tank levels, pressures, temperatures, and other critical parameters to ensure safe and efficient operations. c. Alarm Management: Detection and notification of abnormal conditions, such as leaks, overfills, or equipment failures, allowing for prompt corrective actions. d. Blending Control: Automated blending of different streams to produce finished products with specific quality characteristics. e. Inventory Management: Tracking of inventory levels, including crude oil, intermediates, and finished products, to optimize storage utilization and meet production and distribution schedules. f. Reporting: Generation of reports and data analysis to support operational decision-making and regulatory compliance. The implementation of an OM&S automation system enhances operational efficiency, safety, and reliability by reducing human error, optimizing resource utilization, and ensuring compliance with industry standards and regulations. ffsite automation in Oil Movements & Storage (OM&S) encompasses a range of technologies and systems that enhance the efficiency, safety, and reliability of offsite operations, including the storage, transfer, and distribution of oil and petroleum products. These automation levels can be categorized into several key areas, each contributing to the overall performance of refinery operations. Supply and distribution automation in OM&S involves the management of the flow of materials between the refinery and external entities, such as crude oil suppliers, product distributors, and storage terminals. Key aspects include: a. Logistics Management Systems: These systems track and optimize the movement of raw materials and finished products, ensuring timely deliveries and minimizing transportation costs. b. Inventory Management: Automated systems monitor inventory levels in real-time, facilitating efficient stock management and reducing the risk of shortages or overstocking. c. Pipeline Automation: Automation of pipeline operations ensures the smooth and efficient transfer of crude oil and refined products between storage facilities and processing units, minimizing delays and optimizing flow rates. Supply and distribution automation ensures that the refinery can meet production schedules and customer demands while minimizing logistics costs and improving overall efficiency Automation in planning and scheduling is critical for optimizing the refinery's operations, particularly in coordinating the use of storage facilities and the movement of materials. This level of automation includes: a. Advanced Planning Systems (APS): These systems use sophisticated algorithms to create optimal schedules for the receipt, storage, and dispatch of crude oil and refined products, considering factors such as demand forecasts, production schedules, and storage capacity. b. Scheduling Optimization: Automated scheduling tools help manage the timing of transfers, blending operations, and shipments to ensure that operations run smoothly and without conflicts. c. Integration with Process Units: Planning and scheduling systems are often integrated with process unit controls, allowing for real-time adjustments based on the refinery's production needs and market conditions. By automating planning and scheduling, refineries can reduce downtime, optimize resource utilization, and improve overall operational efficiency. Movement automation and blending are considered where movement automation refers to the automated control of the transfer of materials between different storage tanks, processing units, and loading/unloading facilities.And Blending automation involves the precise mixing of different streams to create products that meet specific quality standards. Key components include: a. Automated Valves and Pumps: These are controlled by a central system to manage the flow of oil and products between various points in the refinery. Automation ensures precise control of flow rates and minimizes the risk of human error. b. Blending Control Systems: Automated blending systems use real-time data and feedback to adjust the proportions of different components, ensuring that the final product meets the required specifications. This is particularly important for producing consistent fuel grades and other products. c. Batch Management: For refineries that operate in batch mode, automated systems manage the sequencing of batches, ensuring that each batch is processed efficiently and meets quality standards. Movement and blending automation are crucial for maintaining product quality, optimizing throughput, and reducing operational costs. Remote control and monitoring systems allow operators to oversee and manage offsite operations from a centralized location, often with real-time data and advanced analytics. This level of automation includes: a. Distributed Control Systems (DCS): These systems provide centralized control over offsite operations, including tank farms, pipelines, and loading facilities. Operators can monitor and control processes from a remote location, enhancing safety and efficiency. b. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA): SCADA systems collect and analyze data from various sensors and field devices, providing real-time insights into offsite operations. Operators can use this data to make informed decisions and respond quickly to any issues. c. Remote Monitoring: Advanced monitoring technologies, such as drones and remote sensors, allow for the continuous surveillance of large and complex offsite facilities, helping to detect leaks, spills, or other anomalies. Remote control and monitoring reduce the need for on-site personnel, enhance safety, and provide the ability to respond rapidly to changing conditions or emergencies. OM&S automation systems are integral to the efficient operation of refineries, managing the flow of crude oil, intermediates, and finished products through various processes. These systems automate and monitor multiple tasks to ensure safe, efficient, and reliable operations. Below is an overview of the core functionalities of OM&S automation systems:OM&S systems manage various types of movements within the refinery, including: a. Inlet Movements: Managing the receipt of crude oil and other feedstocks into the refinery. Inter-unit Movements: Transferring intermediates between different processing units. Blending Movements: Combining different product streams to create finished products with specific qualities. Outlet Movements: Dispatching finished products from the refinery to storage or transportation units. Inventory Transfers: Moving products between different storage tanks within the tank farm to optimize storage capacity and product quality The life cycle of a task in an OM&S automation system typically involves the following stages: Task Initiation: A movement task is triggered by a need identified in planning or real-time operations, such as filling a tank, blending products, or preparing a shipment. Task Planning: The system plans the task by allocating the necessary resources, such as tanks, pipelines, and pumps. Task Scheduling: The task is scheduled to ensure it fits within the overall operations without causing conflicts or bottlenecks. Task Execution: The task is executed automatically, with the system controlling the flow rates, valve positions, and other parameters to ensure the task is completed as planned. Task Monitoring: The system continuously monitors the task’s progress, ensuring it is carried out correctly and making adjustments as needed. Task Completion: Once the task is complete, the system finalizes the operation, updates inventories, and records all relevant data for future reference. Post-Task Analysis: The system may perform an analysis of the task, comparing planned versus actual outcomes and identifying any areas for improvement. OM&S automation systems incorporate advanced algorithms for scheduling and planning tools to: a. Optimize Task Sequences: Ensuring that tasks are carried out in the most efficient order, avoiding bottlenecks and minimizing delays. b. Resource Allocation: Allocating the appropriate resources, such as pipelines, tanks, and pumps, to each task based on availability and operational requirements. c. Conflict Management: Identifying and resolving potential conflicts between tasks, such as two movements requiring the same pipeline simultaneously. d. Real-time Adjustments: Adjusting schedules in real-time based on changing conditions, such as equipment availability, product quality, or external factors like weather. Automation movement control is a key feature of OM&S automation systems, allowing for: a. Precision Control: Managing the flow rates, valve positions, pump speeds, and other parameters to ensure that movements are carried out accurately. b. Safety Management: Automatically shutting down or adjusting operations in response to unsafe conditions, such as overpressure, leaks, or equipment failures. c. Efficiency Optimization: Continuously optimizing operations to minimize energy consumption, reduce product losses, and maximize throughput. OM&S automation systems enable remote control of various field equipment, allowing operators to: a. Operate Valves and Pumps Remotely: Opening, closing, or adjusting valves and pumps from a central control room or even from offsite locations. b. Start/Stop Mixers: Managing the operation of mixers to ensure product uniformity and quality. c. Monitor Equipment Status: Checking the operational status of equipment, such as whether a valve is open or closed, or if a pump is running at the correct speed. OM&S automation system continuously monitors critical field equipment to: a. Track Tank Levels: Monitoring the level of liquids in storage tanks to prevent overfills and ensure sufficient storage capacity. b. Valve Position Monitoring (MOV): Tracking the position of motor-operated valves (MOVs) to ensure they are in the correct position for the task at hand. c. Pump Operation: Monitoring pump performance, including flow rates, pressures, and energy consumption, to detect any anomalies. d. Mixer Status: Ensuring mixers are operating correctly to maintain product consistency. e. Status Switches: Monitoring the status of various switches and sensors to ensure equipment is operating within safe parameters. Data acquisition is a critical function of OM&S systems, providing the necessary data for control, monitoring, and analysis: a. Real-time Data Collection: Continuously gathering data from sensors, meters, and other field devices on parameters like flow rates, pressures, temperatures, and equipment status. b. Data Integration: Integrating data from multiple sources, such as tanks, pipelines, and processing units, to provide a comprehensive view of operations. c. Data Storage: Storing collected data in a secure and accessible manner, allowing for historical analysis and reporting. OM&S automation systems generate detailed reports and historical records of all movements: a. Operational Reports: Providing real-time and summary reports on ongoing and completed tasks, including volumes moved, equipment used, and any issues encountered. b. Compliance Reporting: Ensuring that operations comply with regulatory requirements by documenting all relevant activities and conditions. c. Historical Data: Maintaining a historical database of movements and operations, allowing for trend analysis, performance assessment, and decision support. OM&S automation systems often interface with other key systems within the refinery to ensure seamless operations: a. Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS): Integrating with LIMS to ensure that product movements align with quality control requirements and to access analytical data for decision-making. b. Refinery Information System: Connecting with the refinery’s overall information system to share data on inventory levels, production schedules, and other key metrics. c. Distributed Control System (DCS): Integrating with DCS to coordinate movements with process control, ensuring that feedstocks and intermediates are delivered precisely when needed. d. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA): Using SCADA for high-level monitoring and control of movements, particularly in remote or geographically dispersed facilities.

7. OM&S Operation Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and Benefits of Automation Operational Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are essential metrics that measure the efficiency and effectiveness of Oil Movements and Storage (OM&S) operations. Automation in OM&S enhances these KPIs, leading to significant operational and financial benefits. 1. Inventory Reduction KPI Definition: Measures the decrease in stored oil products, optimizing working capital. Automation Benefit: Automated inventory management systems track and control stock levels in real-time, reducing excess inventory and minimizing holding costs. Calculation: Inventory reduction can be calculated as a percentage decrease in average inventory levels before and after automation implementation. 2. Quantity Giveaway Minimization KPI Definition: Refers to the reduction of excess product given away due to measurement inaccuracies or process inefficiencies. Automation Benefit: Automation ensures precise control over product movements and measurements, reducing the likelihood of over-dispensing products. Calculation: Compare the volume of product given away before and after automation, expressed as a percentage of total product handled. 3. Quality Giveaway Minimization KPI Definition: Measures the reduction of high-quality product loss when it is sold or used at lower specifications than required. Automation Benefit: Automated blending systems optimize the mixing process to achieve the exact specifications, minimizing quality giveaway. Calculation: The difference in product quality (e.g., octane number) multiplied by the quantity sold at the lower quality, compared before and after automation. 4. Use of Least Expensive Components for Blends KPI Definition: Tracks the optimization of blend components to minimize costs while meeting quality standards. Automation Benefit: Automated blending systems analyze and select the most cost-effective components in real-time, optimizing the cost of blends. Calculation: The cost savings achieved by using less expensive components, expressed as a percentage of the total blend cost. 5.Tankage Minimization KPI Definition: Measures the reduction in the required storage capacity for crude and refined products. Automation Benefit: Automation optimizes tank utilization by improving scheduling and movement accuracy, reducing the need for excess tankage. Calculation: The reduction in total tank capacity required, expressed in volume (e.g., barrels or cubic meters), before and after automation. 6. Higher Equipment Utilization Factors KPI Definition: Reflects the increase in the usage rate of pumps, mixers, and other equipment within the OM&S operation. Automation Benefit: Automated systems optimize the scheduling and operation of equipment, leading to higher utilization rates and reduced idle times. Calculation: The ratio of actual equipment operating time to total available time, expressed as a percentage, before and after automation. 7. Manpower Efficiency Increase KPI Definition: Measures the reduction in labor hours required for OM&S operations. Automation Benefit: Automation reduces manual intervention, allowing personnel to focus on higher-value tasks, thus improving overall labor efficiency. Calculation: The reduction in total labor hours required for operations, expressed as a percentage, before and after automation.

8. what is offsite operations, operating cost , operating problems, product losses,and environmental control ? Offsite operations in the context of a refinery's Oil Movements & Storage (OM&S) involve the management of storage tanks, pipelines, loading and unloading facilities, and associated infrastructure that are not directly involved in the primary refining processes but are crucial to the refinery's overall efficiency and profitability. Improving these offsite operations can lead to significant gains in operational performance and profitability.Improving the profitability of offsite operations involves optimizing the use of storage facilities, reducing losses, and enhancing the efficiency of product movements. Strategies include: a. Inventory Management: Optimizing inventory levels to ensure that storage tanks are neither underutilized nor overfilled can reduce storage costs and improve cash flow. b. Process Optimization: Streamlining the processes for receiving, storing, blending, and dispatching products can reduce operational costs and improve throughput. c. Maximizing Throughput: Increasing the efficiency of product transfer operations can allow for higher throughput, enabling the refinery to process and sell more products within the same time frame. By focusing on these areas, refineries can increase their operational margins and overall profitability. Operating problems in offsite operations can arise from a variety of sources, including equipment malfunctions, human error, and inefficient processes. Common issues include: a. Equipment Failures: Failures in pumps, valves, and instrumentation can lead to unplanned downtime, affecting the refinery’s ability to store and transfer products efficiently. b. Human Error: Mistakes in manual operations, such as incorrect valve alignments or improper handling of transfer procedures, can result in product contamination, spills, or other safety hazards. c. Inefficient Processes: Outdated or poorly designed processes can lead to bottlenecks, excessive handling of materials, and suboptimal use of storage capacity, reducing overall efficiency. Addressing these problems involves implementing preventive maintenance programs, training personnel, and optimizing processes through automation and process redesign. Operating costs in offsite operations include expenses related to energy consumption, maintenance, labor, and materials handling. Key areas where costs can be managed or reduced include: a. Energy Efficiency: Energy costs for pumping, heating, and cooling can be substantial. Implementing energy-saving technologies, such as variable speed drives on pumps and energy-efficient heating systems, can reduce these costs. b. Maintenance Costs: Regular and predictive maintenance can prevent costly equipment failures and reduce the need for emergency repairs. Automation of routine monitoring tasks can also reduce labor costs. c. Material Handling: Reducing unnecessary movements and handling of materials through process optimization and automation can lower labor costs and minimize wear and tear on equipment. By controlling these costs, a refinery can improve its overall profitability while maintaining operational reliability. Product losses in offsite operations can occur due to leaks, spills, evaporation, or inaccurate measurements. These losses not only reduce profitability but also pose environmental and safety risks. Key strategies to minimize product losses include: a. Leak Detection Systems: Installing advanced leak detection systems can help identify and mitigate leaks before they result in significant product losses. b. Accurate Gauging and Measurement: Using precise gauging systems and regularly calibrating equipment can reduce discrepancies in product measurements, ensuring that inventory levels are accurately tracked. c. Minimizing Evaporation Losses: Implementing vapor recovery systems and maintaining appropriate storage temperatures can reduce losses due to evaporation, particularly for volatile products. Reducing product losses directly impacts profitability by ensuring that more of the refined product reaches the market. Environmental controls are critical in offsite operations to ensure compliance with regulations and minimize the environmental impact of refinery operations. Key considerations include: a. Emissions Control: Implementing vapor recovery units (VRUs), flare gas recovery systems, and other emission control technologies can reduce the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other pollutants. b. Spill Prevention: Designing storage tanks and pipelines with spill containment systems, such as dikes and double-walled tanks, can prevent environmental contamination in the event of a leak or spill. c. Waste Management: Proper management of waste materials, including sludge from storage tanks and contaminated soil from spill sites, is essential for environmental compliance and minimizing the refinery’s environmental footprint. Investing in robust environmental controls not only ensures regulatory compliance but also enhances the refinery’s reputation and reduces the risk of costly fines or remediation efforts.

9. Quqlity assurance Quality Assurance (QA) is a critical aspect of oil movements and storage operations, ensuring that the products meet specified standards throughout the refining and distribution process. Below is a detailed overview of QA components relevant to OM&S: 1. Laboratory Measurements a. Purpose: Ensures the quality of crude oil and refined products by measuring various physical and chemical properties. b. Common Measurements: Include density, viscosity, sulfur content, and octane/cetane numbers. 2. ASTM Methods ASTM Standards: Provide internationally recognized procedures for testing and measuring petroleum products. Key methods include: ASTM D86: Distillation of Petroleum Products. ASTM D445: Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids. Role: These standards ensure consistency and reliability in test results across different laboratories. 3. Lab Information Systems (LIMS) a. Functionality: LIMS manage and track laboratory data, ensuring accurate and efficient reporting. b. Integration: Connects with OM&S systems to automate data flow, reducing manual errors and improving decision-making. 4. On-line Analyzers a. Real-time Monitoring: Continuously measure product quality during storage and transportation. b. Types: Include density meters, viscosity meters, and sulfur analyzers. c. Advantage: Real-time data allows for immediate corrective actions, reducing the risk of off-spec products. 5. Advantages of Real-time Multiple Measurements vs. Single Lab Analysis a. Efficiency: Real-time measurements provide continuous data, enabling quicker response times compared to periodic lab testing. b. Accuracy: Multiple measurements can offer a more comprehensive view of product quality, reducing the likelihood of errors. c. Cost Reduction: Minimizes the need for frequent lab tests and associated downtime. 6. Improving ASTM Test Methods with ASTM 2885/3764 a. ASTM D2885: Applies to the on-line measurement of octane numbers in fuels using near-infrared spectroscopy. b. ASTM D3764: Enhances precision in measuring sulfur in petroleum products. Benefit: These methods increase the accuracy of measurements, ensuring compliance with industry standards. 7. Environmental Issues Upcoming Regulations: New environmental regulations in the USA and EU are imposing stricter limits on emissions and fuel composition. Key Changes: a. Low Sulfur Gasoline and Diesel: Regulations require reducing sulfur content to minimize air pollution. b. Phase-out of MTBE: The use of Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) is being phased out due to its environmental impact. c. Ethanol Blending: Ethanol is increasingly used as an alternative to MTBE, impacting fuel specifications. d. CARB/RFG-3 Impact: California Air Resources Board (CARB) and Reformulated Gasoline (RFG) regulations demand cleaner-burning fuels, influencing refinery operations. 8. Contamination a. Risk: Cross-contamination during storage or transportation can degrade product quality. b. Prevention: Segregated storage lines and strict adherence to QA protocols help mitigate this risk. 9. Downgrading: Occurs when high-quality products are mixed with lower-grade materials, resulting in overall quality reduction which can leads to financial losses and customer dissatisfaction. 10. Quality Giveaway:It Refers to the loss of value when products exceed quality specifications but are sold at standard market prices.solution to this is that OM&S automation systems help optimize blending operations to minimize giveaways. 11. Segregated Lines is crucial for maintaining product purity and preventing contamination between different grades of fuel. OM&S automation systems manage and monitor the use of segregated lines effectively. 12. How Can an OM&S automation System Help? a. Automation: Reduces human error and improves accuracy in monitoring and controlling product quality. b. Real-time Data: Provides immediate feedback on product quality, allowing for prompt corrective actions. c. Integration: Interfaces with LIMS, DCS, and SCADA systems to streamline data flow and enhance decision-making. 13. OM&S automation System Architecture Typical Hardware and Software: a. Hardware: Includes servers, RTUs (Remote Terminal Units), and communication networks. b. Software: Incorporates data management systems, control software, and user interfaces. c. Databases and Interfaces: OM&S automation systems utilize robust databases to store and manage data, with interfaces to external systems like LIMS, ensuring seamless operations.

10. Transportation facilities 10.1. Trucks Trucks are a crucial part of the oil and gas transportation network, particularly in areas where other modes of transport (pipelines , rail ) are not viable. Here are some key points about the use of trucks in crude oil and fuel transportation: 10.1.1.. Flexibility and Accessibility Flexibility: Trucks offer a high degree of flexibility, making them ideal for transporting oil and fuel to locations that are not easily accessible by rail or pipelines. This includes remote areas, smaller refineries, or distribution centers that require frequent deliveries. Accessibility: Trucks can reach areas that other modes of transportation cannot, such as rural or urban locations, providing a critical link in the supply chain. 10.1.2. Cost-Effectiveness for Short Distances: Economical for Short Distances: For short distances, trucking is often more cost-effective than pipelines or rail, especially when dealing with small volumes of oil or fuel. Lower Infrastructure Costs: Unlike pipelines, trucking does not require significant infrastructure investment, making it a viable option in areas where pipeline construction is not feasible. 10.13. Safety and Regulations: Safety Measures: Transporting oil and fuel by truck requires strict adherence to safety regulations due to the flammable nature of the cargo. This includes regular inspections, proper maintenance, and the use of specialized equipment. Regulations: There are various local, national, and international regulations governing the transportation of hazardous materials, including oil and fuel. Compliance with these regulations is crucial to ensure the safety of both the drivers and the environment. 10.1.4. Environmental Impact: Carbon Emissions: Trucks contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, making them less environmentally friendly compared to pipelines. However, advancements in fuel-efficient trucks and alternative energy sources are being developed to mitigate this impact. Spill Risks: While trucks are generally safe, there is always a risk of spills during transport, which can have significant environmental consequences. 10.1.5. Role in Supply Chain: First and Last Mile: Trucks often play a vital role in the first and last miles of the oil and fuel supply chain. They transport crude oil from production sites to refineries and deliver refined products from distribution centers to retail outlets. Backup Option: Trucks can also serve as a backup transportation option when pipelines or railways are disrupted due to maintenance, natural disasters, or other unforeseen events. 10.1.6. Technological Advancements: Real-Time Tracking: Modern trucks are often equipped with GPS and other tracking technologies, allowing for real-time monitoring of the cargo and enhancing the safety and efficiency of transportation. Automated and Electric Trucks: The industry is gradually exploring the use of automated and electric trucks to reduce costs, improve safety, and decrease the environmental footprint. 10.3. Rail transportation : Rail transport is often seen as an economically viable option for transporting large volumes of crude oil and refined fuels over medium to long distances.Railways offer a versatile and economically efficient mode of transporting crude oil and fuels, especially over long distances and in regions where pipeline infrastructure is lacking. Railways offer cost advantages compared to trucking, particularly when dealing with bulk shipments over distances of several hundred miles. Rail transport becomes even more cost-effective in regions where pipeline infrastructure is underdeveloped or where rail lines are already in place and accessible. Railways are frequently used to transport crude oil from inland production sites to coastal refineries or export terminals, especially in North America, where the shale oil boom has outpaced pipeline capacity.Rail transport offers greater flexibility compared to pipelines because it can easily be rerouted in response to changing market conditions or supply chain disruptions. railways can service areas that lack pipeline infrastructure, making them a versatile option for crude oil and fuel transport. Additionally, railways can transport multiple types of cargo, including different grades of crude oil or refined products, within the same train.Railways can adapt to fluctuations in demand more quickly than pipelines, as trains can be added or subtracted as needed, and routes can be modified without significant infrastructure changes.While rail transport is generally considered safer than trucking in terms of accident rates per ton-mile, the transportation of crude oil by rail presents unique safety challenges. Rail accidents involving crude oil can result in catastrophic spills and fires, particularly in densely populated or environmentally sensitive areas. This has led to increased regulatory scrutiny and the implementation of stricter safety standards for rail cars and operations. 10.3. Pipeline : It is a system of pipes used to transport fluids (such as oil, gas, water, or refined petroleum products) or gases over long distances from one location to another. Pipelines are a critical component in the infrastructure of the oil and gas industry, as well as in water distribution and other industries. The pipeline that transport crude oil from extraction sites to refineries or refined products from refineries to distribution centers, is Called Oil Pipeline . Apart from oil Pipeline , there are other types of pipeline like Gas pipline that transport natural Gas , Water Pipeline that transport Water and slurry pipeline that transport mixture of liquid and Solide Fundamental Components of a Pipeline System: a. Pipes: The main structure that carries the fluid or gas. Pipes can vary in diameter, material (e.g., steel, plastic), and wall thickness depending on the type of fluid being transported and the environmental conditions. b. Pumps and Compressors: These are used to maintain the flow of fluids (pumps) or gases (compressors) through the pipeline, especially over long distances or through changes in elevation. c. Valves: Devices that control the flow of the fluid or gas through the pipeline. Valves can be used to start or stop the flow, regulate pressure, or isolate sections of the pipeline for maintenance. d. Control Systems: Pipelines are often monitored and controlled using advanced systems that track the flow, pressure, and integrity of the pipeline. These systems can be manual, semi-automated, or fully automated (often using SCADA—Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition systems). e. Corrosion Protection: Pipelines are often coated and may include cathodic protection systems to prevent corrosion, especially when transporting corrosive substances or being buried underground. f. Pigging Stations: These are facilities used for inserting and receiving pigs (devices used to clean, inspect, or maintain the inside of the pipeline). g. Metering Stations: Used to measure the amount of fluid or gas flowing through the pipeline, which is essential for accounting and regulatory compliance Apart from transportation funcion , Pipelines are also used for : a. Distribution: Pipelines distribute products to various locations, such as refineries,storage facilities, or directly to consumers. c. Supply Chain Integration: They play a critical role in the energy supply chain, linking production sites with processing facilities and end-users. Advantages of Pipelines: a. Efficiency: Pipelines can transport large volumes of fluids or gases continuously,making them highly efficient for bulk transportation. b. Safety: Once installed, pipelines are generally safe and reliable, with fewer incidents compared to other transportation methods like trucks or rail. c. Cost-effectiveness: Over long distances, pipelines are more economical than other forms of transport due to lower operating costs. Challenges and Risks of using Pipeline : a. Environmental Impact: Pipeline leaks or ruptures can have significant environmental consequences, especially in sensitive areas. b. Maintenance and Monitoring: Pipelines require regular inspection, maintenance, and monitoring to ensure their integrity and prevent leaks or failures. c. Regulation: Pipelines are subject to stringent regulatory oversight to ensure safety and environmental protection. 10.4.Gas Transmission Lines: Operation & Cathodic Protection Operation of Gas Transmission Lines: Gas transmission lines transport natural gas over long distances. These lines are critical infrastructure requiring regular monitoring and maintenance.Cathodic Protection: Purpose: Cathodic protection is a technique used to prevent corrosion of metal pipelines by converting the entire metal surface into the cathode of an electrochemical cell. Types: Sacrificial Anode System: Uses metal anodes that corrode instead of the pipeline. Impressed Current System: Involves the use of an external power source to provide a continuous flow of current to prevent corrosion. Monitoring: Regular monitoring of cathodic protection systems is essential to ensure the effectiveness and longevity of gas transmission pipelines. 11.Conclusion 1. Oil Movements & Storage (OM&S) is a critical component of refinery operations, encompassing the handling, storage, and transportation of crude oil, intermediates, and finished products. Understanding the various processes, terminology, and equipment involved in OM&S is essential for optimizing refinery performance. The integration of automation systems further enhances the efficiency, safety, and profitability of these operations, making OM&S a key area of focus for modern refineries. 2. Improving offsite operations in OM&S is essential for enhancing the overall efficiency, profitability, and sustainability of refinery operations. By addressing operating problems, controlling operating costs, reducing product losses, and implementing strong environmental controls, refineries can achieve significant gains in performance and financial returns. Automation and process optimization play a key role in these improvements, enabling refineries to operate more reliably, safely, and profitably 3. The various levels of offsite automation in OM&S play a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency, safety, and profitability of refinery operations. From supply and logistics management to advanced field instrumentation, automation technologies enable refineries to optimize operations, reduce costs, and maintain high standards of product quality and environmental compliance. As refineries continue to modernize and adopt more advanced automation systems, the benefits of improved offsite operations will become increasingly significant in maintaining a competitive edge in the industry. 4.Tank farm field equipment is essential for the safe, efficient, and reliable operation of oil movements and storage facilities. From the tanks themselves to the advanced instrumentation and control systems, each component plays a critical role in ensuring that products are stored and handled according to industry standards. Automation and communication technologies further enhance the capabilities of these systems, providing real-time data, improving safety, and optimizing operational efficiency. As refineries continue to evolve, the integration and advancement of these field equipment technologies will be key to maintaining competitive and sustainable operations. 5.Tank-to-tank transfers, as well as other movements in a refinery, are complex operations that require careful planning, execution, and monitoring. OM&S automation systems play a critical role in managing these operations, ensuring they are carried out efficiently, safely, and in compliance with regulatory standards. 6.OM&S automation systems are vital for the efficient, safe, and reliable operation of refinery processes. By automating the management of oil movements and storage, these systems optimize operations, minimize risks, and ensure compliance with regulatory standards. Their integration with other refinery systems further enhances overall operational efficiency, providing a cohesive approach to refinery management. 7.This content highlights the importance of integrating advanced technology, best practices, and effective management in OM&S operations. By focusing on automation, quality assurance, and efficient equipment management, refineries transportation facilities and storage facilities can achieve significant improvements in operational efficiency, environmental compliance, and profitability. 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